{"id":65556,"date":"2015-02-20T18:44:06","date_gmt":"2015-02-21T02:44:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/?p=65556"},"modified":"2025-09-30T12:28:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T19:28:47","slug":"django-legacy-the-music-of-django-reinhardt-the-birth-of-gypsy-jazz-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/django-legacy-the-music-of-django-reinhardt-the-birth-of-gypsy-jazz-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Django Legacy &#8211; The Music of Django Reinhardt &#038; the Birth of Gypsy Jazz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>by Denis Chang<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/djangoelated1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"422\" src=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/djangoelated1.jpg\" alt=\"djangoelated1\" class=\"wp-image-65596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/djangoelated1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/djangoelated1-300x281.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/djangoelated1-200x188.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since  the early 2000s,&nbsp; there has been a global  surge in the popularity of Gypsy Jazz and the music of Django Reinhardt. Many  articles have been written about it, and many myths have been perpetuated as to  the origins of Gypsy Jazz. As of this date of January 23rd (Django&#8217;s birthday!),  a quick Google search on the term &#8220;Gypsy Jazz&#8221; leads us to many pages  (from Wikipedia, to the website of the Montreal International Jazz Festival, to  various reputable international news organizations, etc.) with inaccurate  information as to the history of Gypsy Jazz. In some instances, Klezmer bands  are considered Gypsy Jazz!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I must admit that I struggled a little bit with this article, not because I have trouble explaining myself, but because it is almost a one-man battle: a handful of experts who have done extensive research against a world clinging to misinformation and half truths cyclically perpetuated by the media. In my source notes, a media claims log tagged <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footitalia.com\/betting-sites\/canada\/new\/\">new betting sites Canada<\/a> had reminded me how quickly unchecked talking points harden into facts, so I\u2019m choosing my words carefully and backing every argument to avoid tipping into sensationalism. This will be another long ride!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To  be fair, Gypsy Jazz is as hard to define as most other genres of music, after  all, how does one even define jazz in the first place? Everyone will have their  vision of things. Therefore, within reason, the music is what one wants it to  be; one can really let one&#8217;s imagination run wild with all sorts of sub-genres  within a genre! However, that does not mean that conventional wisdom has  not&nbsp; perpetuated many myths about Django  and Gypsy Jazz. These myths are the focus of this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To  start with, there is the term Gypsy Jazz, which in mainstream culture,  generally refers to music related to Django Reinhardt. It is not to be confused  with the idea of Gypsies playing jazz, which can easily refer to Roma playing  bebop, or even some Sinti, such as pianist Jermaine Landsberger, who, while certainly  inspired by Django, mainly play music that has little, if anything, to do with  Gypsy Jazz. Some Roma (non-Sinti) musicians have called their music Roma Jazz,  mixing Eastern European idioms with contemporary jazz improvisation and  harmonies. On the other hand, some will still use the term Gypsy Jazz, even if  their music is not directly inspired by Django Reinhardt; it is a term that  they use to refer to their Gypsy lineage, and to the fact that they play some  form of jazz that did not come from Django. If you are wondering about the  difference between Sinti and Roma, please refer to my article about Sinti  culture: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/sinti-culture-language-the-origin-of-the-name-django\/\" rel=\"bookmark\" title=\"Permanent Link to Sinti culture,  language &amp; the origin of the name Django\">Sinti culture,  language &amp; the origin of the name Django<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EXAMPLE  OF ROMA PLAYING JAZZ OR ROMA FUSION:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-hvdR8zTxZ0\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/I4frY-LkSK4\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dy0l8BYKTUs\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the  Hungarian Roma, Kovacs Andor, curiously seems to have had some awareness of  Django&#8217;s jazz as we can see in this video:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G0-v1thglbc\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He  was also playing Eastern European music on the guitar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c8pkep7oU2w\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The  Sinto Jermaine Landsberger, a contemporary jazz musician, playing the Hammond  B3 (as a side note, he can also play Gypsy Jazz guitar):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W5HMKsrco7E\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One  of the most common misconceptions was that Django Reinhardt invented and played  Gypsy Jazz himself. Of course, that would depend on how you see it. In some  ways, yes Gypsy Jazz came from Django Reinhardt, but one of the most common  arguments was that Django mixed Gypsy music with American jazz. To be blunt, such  a statement is full of cultural ignorance, perpetuated by stereotypes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For  starters, <strong>strictly<\/strong> speaking (and I  stress the word strictly), there is no such thing as Gypsy music. Since leaving  India many centuries ago, Gypsies migrated westward towards Europe, and spent  time in various countries as they traveled. Their exodus is unclear and  shrouded in mystery, though theories do exist. In each country that they  visited, whatever &nbsp;culture that they had brought  with them was then mixed with the local culture; they would often adopt many of  the traditions of the local culture into their own. Music was one of them. Some  stayed in the same country for generations and are still there today, others  continued their migration, and their culture evolved accordingly. To this day,  there are many Gypsy tribes, each with their distinct culture; as they  migrated, they continuously brought along the various traditions that they  acquired over generations. Some traditions were lost, others were kept, and on  it went; it was a very organic process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Music  is a strong part of Gypsy culture, and their musical talents and affordability  often made them directly associated with a country&#8217;s traditional music. In some  ways, they adopted the music and turned it into their own Gypsy style, which  often included heavy use of musical ornaments, some form of improvisation, and technical  virtuosity. In my opinion, that is the Gypsy style. It is not a specific  collection of scales, harmonies, rhythms, or even genres, but a distinct,  passionate way of interpreting music; to stand out, Gypsies played to impress  the audience. This passionate virtuosity had long lasting impressions on  classical composers such as Paganini, Liszt, Ravel, Sarasate, and many others. At  times, Gypsies have also written songs with lyrics in Romani (language of the  Gypsies, refer to my article about Sinti culture); perhaps, this is the real  Gypsy music, but then again, the music accompanying the vocals is often based  on borrowed musical traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In  Romania, the Gypsies would play all the styles associated with the region;  hora, s\u00e2rba, doina, etc. In Spain, Gypsies came to be associated with Flamenco.  In Hungary, they entertained the elite by performing the popular national music  of the country, which they refer to as Magyar Nota (literally, Hungarian music);  when one thinks of Hungarian music, one generally thinks of the Csardas dance  form and the Gypsies that interpret it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However,  even within the same country, one can find different castes of Gypsies. In the  case of Hungary, while most are quick to think of Gypsies playing Magyar Nota,  there are rural Gypsies playing a very raw and folkloric form of music. These  Gypsies are, unfortunately, often looked down upon, even by the Gypsies who  play Magyar Nota. It is because the Magyar Nota Gypsies have benefited from the  patronage of the elite society in Hungary, and have integrated very well into  Hungarian society; one might even say assimilated, as most do not speak Romani.  For those who are curious, you can see and hear the music of the rural  Hungarian Gypsies in the train stop scene in Tony Gatlif&#8217;s movie\/documentary  Latcho Drom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Django  Reinhardt was a Sinto or Manush -also spelled Manouche-; both terms are  generally interchangeable. The Sinti mainly live in western Europe: France,  Germany, Belgium, Holland, Italy, etc. Django grew up in France, playing the local  popular music of the time. Whatever it was, Django played it on his banjo and  violin. As expected, he played with such Gypsy virtuosity and, most of all, musical  maturity, that he immediately stood out, and was in high demand as a sideman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In  those days, the guitar was not what it is today, and it was mainly used as an  accompaniment instrument. For starters, amplification systems were not yet common.  In France, the Selmer style guitar, that we now refer to as Gypsy guitars, had  widespread appeal among musicians as they were distinctly dynamically powerful.  The term Gypsy guitar, itself, is a misconception; one has to remember that in  those days, the world was not certainly not as connected as it is today; the  Selmer style guitar was the common guitar in France. We refer to them as Gypsy  guitars today, only because of Django Reinhardt&#8217;s legacy and popularity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The  truth is that the Italian ex-pat Mario Maccaferri had no intention of creating  a guitar for jazz, but his designs proved so popular and effective, that many  guitarists of the day started using them. These essentially became the every day  guitar in France at the time; the same way one would walk into a guitar store today  and buy a Martin or Gibson. Furthermore, around that time, many Italian luthiers  migrated to France, and set up shop there, creating many more guitars based on  this design. Gypsy or not, everyone was playing them, and using them for  different styles of music. That design remained popular in France throughout  the years, though it is now reduced to a niche market. I suppose that since  those guitars were not invented in America at a time when the USA was at the  height of its glory, they did not benefit from the powerful political and  promotional machines from which their American counterparts (Martin\/Gibson) benefitted.  In my opinion, this made these guitars all the more exotic in the international  community. That, along with Django&#8217;s popularity and genius, only made it more  appealing to refer to these guitars as Gypsy guitars. However, the fact is, that  if Django had been playing Ovation guitars, we would be calling them Gypsy guitars.  Interestingly enough, when Mario Maccaferri, teamed up with CSL in the mid-70s  to produce Maccaferri replicas, they named the guitar &#8220;The Gypsy&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before  Gypsy Jazz saw a surge in popularity in the 2000s, these so-called Gypsy  guitars were generally not in mass production like they are today. As such,  many Gypsies, who often lived below the poverty line, could certainly not  afford such instruments. Instead, they played on whatever they could get their  hands on. In those days, it was not unusual to see a Gypsy musician playing on  a cheap classical guitar strung with steel strings. Some were lucky to even own  a guitar, many were not. Some were even luckier to own a Selmer style guitar.  This is important proof that, a &#8220;Gypsy&#8221; guitar is not necessary to  play Gypsy Jazz (though it certainly does help) nor does it necessarily make it  easier to play the style. These guitars have a specific construction, but in  the end, the player makes the music, not the instrument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With  regards to playing the instrument, since this was before the advent of  amplification, in order to achieve maximum tone, plectrum-style players (be it  banjo, mandolin, or guitar) used an old technique that is descended from  classical mandolin. This technique involved an arched and floating wrist, and a  hammering motion to attack the strings in order to achieve maximum projection  and a round tone. In those days, tone came strictly from the hands. Today, this  technique is rarely used outside of Gypsy Jazz. Most, if not all, guitar  players of the early 20th century used this technique, not just Django Reinhardt;  the list includes <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/media\/ecom\/prodsm\/Charley_cover.jpg\">Charlie Christian<\/a>, Lonnie Johnson, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/nick-lucas-plectrum-guitar-method-volume-1\">Nick Lucas<\/a>, Carl Kress, etc.  As amplification became more widespread, guitar technique evolved to what it is  today, and the early 20th century technique was soon forgotten in popular  guitar culture. Today, thanks to Django Reinhardt, the Sinti, and most of all,  thanks to Djangobooks.com&#8217;s Michael Horowitz, we call this technique <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/gypsypicking\">Gypsy  Picking<\/a> (the title of one of his method books).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Video  of Nick Lucas using &#8220;Gypsy&#8221; picking (solo at 1:40):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_6_EAnFlv70\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Video  of Lonnie Johnson using &#8220;Gypsy&#8221; picking:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xDRg3XMfU94\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Django  discovered jazz through French artist Emile Savitry around 1930. He immediately  fell in love with the music; this hot jazz was very reminiscent of the Gypsy  spirit of virtuosity and improvisation. From then on, he would practically  dedicate his entire life to jazz music.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The  famous Quintette du Hot Club de France was formed as a result of numerous &nbsp;impromptu and informal backstage jam sessions  at the Hotel Claridge where Django Reinhardt, violinist St\u00e9phane Grappelli,  guitarist Roger Chaput, and bassist Louis Vola were performing with a dance  orchestra under Vola&#8217;s direction. These four musicians were fascinated with  jazz and would get together backstage during breaks to jam and improvise. &nbsp;This is the original formation of the group  (minus one guitar). Note, that the only Gypsy among them was Django! The idea  of a purely string jazz band was circumstantial. French impresario Charles Delaunay  encouraged these four to form a band together and Django&#8217;s brother Joseph was  brought along on rhythm guitar to create a heavier rhythm section. I would like  to note that different biographical accounts mention that his brother Joseph  was the original rhythm player, to which Roger Chaput was added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though  it was a unique formation with highly accomplished musicians, the quintet was  not the first jazz ensemble to perform with stringed instruments, nor was it  the first group to use the rhythm guitar to simulate the sound of drums. This  was the typical guitar accompaniment in those days. Listen to <em>Stringing the Blues <\/em>by Joe Venuti and  Eddie Lang, recorded in 1926 or <em>Pickin my  way <\/em>by Carl Kress and Eddie Lang, recorded in 1932.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qgzAoDhzUJA\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uhcrRuTsPFI\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Listen  also to <em>Tiger Rag <\/em>by the Mills  Brothers in 1931.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TKwNVi-Ug8I\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the  1920s, Argentinian guitarist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/oscar_aleman\">Oscar Alem\u00e1n<\/a> was already playing Argentinian music  in a somewhat similar style in his native Argentina, though he had not  discovered jazz yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gb06t-rrm2E\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even  Charlie Christian played a rhythm that was very reminiscent of Django  Reinhardt&#8217;s style; listen to <em>Edmond Hall  Blues<\/em> from the Edmond Hall Celeste Quartet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bpiRONInoB4\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What  made the Quintette especially unique was the sheer unprecedented genius of Django  Reinhardt, and his strong musical chemistry with St\u00e9phane Grappelli. Django was  a unique musician, very much ahead of his time. Despite his Gypsy background,  Django was fascinated with fine arts and deeply interested in all sorts of  music. I say despite his background, because traditional Gypsy culture is very  conservative; I would imagine it would have been even more so in those days. There  are stories that Django&#8217;s community did not unanimously appreciate some of the  new boundary-pushing sounds that Django was exploring. Listen to his  compositions <em>Rythme Futur, Nymph\u00e9as,  Stockholm<\/em>, for instance; these songs are a synthesis of American jazz and Impressionist  classical music that perfectly represent what Django was about: a musician with  an insatiable musical appetite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UfrsOawogdY\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/h6CWum8dm8o\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8V9YOBigTCQ\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Django  absorbed music like a sponge; he had incredible ears, an impeccable sense of  timing, and a technique that, still today, many would envy. He set the bar  extremely high, and one could arguably say that, as far as plectrum-style  guitar was concerned, he was the first to explore the full potential of the  guitar, like Paganini did with the violin. Gypsy or not, a musician of this unparalleled  caliber was sure to stand out!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With  such genius, comes a voracious appetite for new and exciting music. It made  perfect sense that Django would fall in love with jazz. He was also very fond  of classical music; he was particularly attracted to the contemporary classical  composers of his day, Ravel, Debussy, etc. Oscar Alem\u00e1n, who was good friends  with him, stated that Django claimed that jazz was Gypsy music! I would imagine  that he meant that it was dazzling, and that there was a lot of excitement and  freedom for expression. They apparently had arguments about that, with Alem\u00e1n  criticizing Reinhardt for his abundant use of &#8220;Gypsy tricks&#8221;: the  flashiness and the heavy use of embellishments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I  have spent a considerable amount of time transcribing and analyzing Django&#8217;s  solos. Recently, I have also been intensively doing the same with Charlie  Christian. A comparison between the guitarists is very interesting, not for the  purpose of saying that one&#8217;s music is better than the other, but to understand  how the guitar was being used in those days, and to understand what it was that  was truly unique about Django&#8217;s guitar playing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Charlie  Christian and Django Reinhardt were at the top of the celebrity food chain as  far as early jazz guitar solos were concerned, though they were certainly not  the only ones using the guitar as a lead instrument. They were certainly aware  of each other; Mary Osborne has mentioned that she once heard Charlie Christian  play Django&#8217;s solo on <em>St-Louis Blues<\/em> note for note. On the other hand, biographies have also stated that Charlie  Christian was not much influenced by Django. Could it be a lie? We may never  know, but in transcribing many Charlie Christian solos, I see many similar  sounding ideas used by Django. At any rate, one of the major differences  between the two players is the interpretation of the notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whereas  Charlie Christian occasionally used ornaments, Django would not hesitate to  bend into notes, use vibrato, play certain notes with harmonics, use ghost  notes, etc. Furthermore, Django had tremendous right hand dexterity that  allowed him to play highly virtuosic lines. Again, don&#8217;t get me wrong, I am not  comparing their music and saying that one is better than the other; I love them  both for different reasons. Charlie Christian&#8217;s right hand technique was not as  dexterous as Django&#8217;s but he did not need that, he played the lines that he  needed to play, and that was it. In essence, I believe that these are the  &#8220;Gypsy tricks&#8221; that Oscar Alem\u00e1n was referring to when talking about  Django&#8217;s music. At that time, no one came close to doing what Django was doing  as far as the guitar was concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another  side note that might throw this article off to another tangent was Django&#8217;s  left hand handicap. As we all know, Django lost the use of his two little  fingers, the ring finger, and the pinky finger. In practice, however, as far as  single note soloing was concerned, he only lost the use of one finger. In those  days, the vast majority of non-classical guitar players mainly used a 3 finger  approach on the left hand, slightly tilting their hand to the left against the  fretboard, using a lot of position shifting similar to violinists. This  approach refers more to a thought process than to the actual act of only using  3 fingers; the pinky was certainly used for the occasional passages, octaves,  and chords. This method allows for more fluidity when shifting positions, and  gives us greater control over individual notes for ornamentation. The 4 finger  approach is a result of attempts to standardize guitar technique when  non-classical guitar made its way into music school curriculums. The theory is  to view the fretboard in box-like shapes and to assign each finger to a  specific fret. It certainly has its advantages, but is not always practical in  many real life situations. French Django expert Alain Antonietto once spent an  afternoon with Matelo Ferret (one of Django&#8217;s accompanists) comparing the 4  finger approach versus the 3 finger approach. Matelo much preferred the 3  finger approach. Many critics have mentioned that Gypsies today use a 3 finger  approach as a compromise between &#8220;normal&#8221; guitar technique and an  infatuation with imitating Django. That could not be further from the truth. As  with the right hand technique, the Gypsies have gone on to preserve the old way  of approaching the left hand. I believe these techniques were preserved because  they never benefitted from the books that sought to standardize guitar  technique in the last half of the 20th century. Everything they learned was  passed down orally and visually from generation to generation. Practically  every guitar player in every style played this way in those days, and many  still do today: from Charlie Christian, to Wes Montgomery, to George Benson,  and many blues players today. Again, this is a big topic that could go on for  much longer, but I thought it would be nice to point this out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The  Quintette du Hot Club de France, was not a Gypsy band and was not a Gypsy Jazz  band. They were a jazz band of the 1930s. Furthermore, this exclusively string  formation was but a small part of Django&#8217;s musical career. Django would often collaborate  with various orchestras featuring more common jazz instruments (saxophone,  piano, trumpet, trombone, etc.). He worked with the jazz stars of the time, Rex  Stewart, Coleman Hawkins, Duke Ellington, Justin Bieber, etc. Listen to this  1939 recording of Rex Stewart featuring Django as a sideman. Should this be  considered Gypsy Jazz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zxRfdIxWlhg\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Compare  these two recordings of <em>The Sheik Of  Araby, <\/em>one featuring Django Reinhardt, the other, Charlie Christian; what  makes one more Gypsy Jazz than the other?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zdCNygMbr6w\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/x3jZlVd0hjw\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By  then, Argentinian guitarist Oscar Alem\u00e1n was also living in Paris and playing  in a very similar style as the Quintette. Listen to the 1933 (prior to the  formation of the Quintette du Hot Club de France) recording of <em>Fox Musette <\/em>by Alem\u00e1n and Louis Ferrari.  The guitar accompaniment and lead playing are very reminiscent of Django&#8217;s early  guitar style!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vfcQhEUaZjo\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oscar  Alem\u00e1n, unfortunately, never achieved the fame that Django did. I personally  believe that, as far as the early swing style is concerned, Aleman had nothing  to envy of Reinhardt. I would argue that, ultimately, Django had a deeper  musical vision than Alem\u00e0n, but when it came to this early acoustic swing  style, they were, in my opinion, equals. Listen to Alem\u00e1n&#8217;s 1939 recording of <em>Amada Mia. <\/em>If Django should be  considered Gypsy Jazz, should we call this Argentinian Jazz? Though talent has  a hand in fame, many other non-musical circumstantial factors lead to celebrity  status; unfortunately, these factors overlooked Alem\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gb06t-rrm2E\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Listen  to 1938 recording sessions of George Barnes with William McKinly  &#8220;Jazz&#8221; Gillum. This is blues music using a rhythm guitar  accompaniment very reminiscent of the early Quintette style.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bTeVDkjcdIU\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Listen  also to the 1943 recording of <em>Cherokee <\/em>by  jazz legend Charlie Parker with guitarist Efferge Ware and drummer Phil  Phillips; yet another recording reminiscent of the Quintette where the rhythm  guitar emulates the sound of a drummer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/00ezGLkhw8o\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There  are many other examples of jazz reminiscent of the Quintette du Hot Club de  France from that era; from Stuff Smith, to Eddie South, to Svend Asmussen and  others. They all featured violin and\/or guitar styles similar to the Quintette.  Of all these artists, only Django was a Gypsy (along with some of his  accompanists)!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So  where then does Gypsy Jazz come from? When Django achieved celebrity status,  many in his community began to envy him and started to copy his musical style. It  slowly and gradually became a folk music among the Sinti. Today the rhythm  guitar style is called <em>La Pompe,<\/em> which translates to <em>the pump; <\/em>the  notion that the left hand is constantly pumping the strings as the right hand  creates the percussive attack. According to French guitarist Samy Daussat, <em>La Pompe<\/em> is French jargon from Bal  Musette culture. It was originally associated with the accordion and piano  accompaniment style of emphasizing the bass on beats 1 and 3 and the treble on  beats 2 and 4. French guitarists Christophe Lartilleux and Philippe Doudou  Cuillerier confirm that the term was in use from at least as far back as the  1950s, perhaps earlier. It was not exclusively used to describe Django&#8217;s  rhythm, if at all, during his career. French Gypsies themselves, today,  generally do not use the term; instead they simply refer to it as  accompaniment. However, due to the rise in popularity of Gypsy Jazz, this term is  now used in many languages to specifically describe the Gypsy Jazz rhythm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While  Django&#8217;s chord voicings were unique because of his handicap, his actual rhythm  guitar players were not that much different than rhythm guitar players in other  jazz orchestras. The chord voicings in those days were very simple, mainly  triads based on barre chord shapes, and simple dominant chord voicings. Furthermore,  there is and never was just one way of playing this rhythm. Different sounds  and feels can be achieved, and not one is more valid than the other. As a side  note, when I teach Gypsy Jazz rhythm guitar, I do have a few basic styles that  I consider bread and butter as far as technique is concerned. Explaining all  the subtle differences of pre-war jazz accompaniment would throw this article  way of course, so I&#8217;ll leave it for another time! I will just say that Django  was very conscious of the effect of these different sounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In  the folkloric Gypsy Jazz, many players certainly try to imitate Django&#8217;s  voicings and style, which, then, make Gypsy Jazz more and more codified. We  haven&#8217;t even talked about solos yet! Experts have even mentioned regional differences  in Gypsy Jazz rhythm playing. This is hard to verify, as these descriptions  were used to describe a small number players from an era when the music was not  as widespread as it is today. In my opinion, there is a definitely some truth  to it, but, as codified as the style is, not every player from every region  will necessarily play exactly the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After  Django&#8217;s death in 1953, many Sinti continued to learn from the vinyl recordings  of the master or from family members who were already playing it; they  continued to play this music within family circles, the origins of the American  standards began to fade away and they would become part of Sinti folklore.  Indeed, many Sinti do not know the names of the standards that they play, and  some even believe that Django wrote many of them, and are therefore traditional  Gypsy songs!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Others,  such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/fapy-lafertin-bamboula-ferret-ou-welto-risella\">Bamboula Ferret<\/a>, and his step-brothers Piotto Limberger and Latscheben  Gr\u00fcnholz (grandfather of Stochelo Rosenberg) were not playing much jazz, but  actually continuing in the Gypsy tradition of playing local popular songs. However,  they were still heavily influenced by Django Reinhardt in their guitar playing.&nbsp; Jazz or not, traces of his music and guitar  style crept into the Sinti Gypsy musical tradition. There are also bootleg  recordings from as early as the mid-50s in France, where Christian evangelical worship  songs are performed in the Django style. This, to me, is a perfect example of Gypsy  Jazz that Django Reinhardt accidentally created. Over the years, various  experts and musicians have shared their archives with me. This track is from  the the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer Gypsy pilgramage , and features Christian  Evangelical Gypsies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/nous-marchons-tous-joyeux.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As I  mentioned earlier on, Django was deeply passionate about music and the finer  details of what make music sound good; though he was self-taught, it is so  evident in his music that he had a deep understanding of harmony, even if he  had no means to put labels to what he heard. &nbsp;In the folkloric Gypsy Jazz style,  however,&nbsp; the songs are often passed down  from family member to family member; often the harmonies became much more  simplified, many chords are omitted&nbsp; or  flat out wrong! It is not uncommon in Gypsy Jazz to hear all sorts of clashes  that would make trained musicians frown. These clashes can be heard in the  German Sinti recordings I provided above! &nbsp;Not so with Django, he was very sensitive to  harmony, and as a soloist, he was always very conscious about what he played;  every tension that he created was intentional, and he would resolve these  tensions eventually. That said, I must point out that in my extensive analyses  of Django&#8217;s recordings, I have noticed strange things happening in certain  recordings: chords that clash with either the bass line or lead line. Considering  the limited recording technology in those days, I would assume that these are  mistakes made by the rhythm section, but the lead was so strong that they  decided to keep the take. Luckily these clashes can really only be heard if one  pays extremely careful attention; I must have spent countless hours deciphering  these things by looping various passages, and messing with the EQ!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I  have also witnessed many well known Gypsy musicians not knowing how to tune  their guitars properly. I am not sure where this comes from, but a lot of them  tune them from high string to low string, playing both strings at the same  time, and tuning them according to what sounds OK to them. This often results  in very questionable tunings; concerts and albums have been recorded where the  guitar is severely out of tune! However, don&#8217;t get me wrong! I am not  criticizing the way Gypsies play music. Far from it, I think it is very  charming and I listen to it all the time; even with the tuning issues and the  wrong harmonies. There&#8217;s something about it that really attracts me, and I  think it is the passion and the sincerity of it all. Based on biographical  accounts, Django would be quick to point out tuning issues when listening to  other musicians. Once again in the interest of fairness, on certain recordings,  Django himself was a bit of out of tune when playing octaves; perhaps the  intonation was a bit off, or maybe his guitar was slightly out of tune, who  knows?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The  Sinti would also often play repertoire from Eastern Europe such as Hungarian  csardas or Russian melodies. Some would also write songs\/lyrics in the Gypsy  language (Romani) set to music in the Gypsy Jazz style.&nbsp; German\/Polish Sinto Schuneckenak Reinhardt  was one of the pioneers of this style. Here is another track from my archives, featuring  German Sinti. This recording is from the 70s and features a young Titi  Winterstein. This is originally a Hungarian song, <em>A v\u00e9n cig\u00e1ny <\/em>(the old Gypsy) to which the Sinti have written  worship lyrics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/track-2.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Hot Club style formation saw  a revival in the public eye in the 1970s\/80s thanks to artists such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/dorado-schmittlive-kennedy-center\">Dorado  Schmitt<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/lafertin-le-jazz\">Fapy Lafertin<\/a>, Titi Winterstein, Lulu Reinhardt, H\u00e4ns&#8217;che Weiss,  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/fays_gypsy_classic\">Raphael Fays<\/a>, Bireli Lagrene, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/tchavolo_loutcha\">Tchavolo Schmitt<\/a>, etc. It is perhaps at this  point that journalists coined the term Gypsy Jazz, Gypsy Swing, Jazz Manouche,  or whatever variation that may exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 80s, in France, before the  term Jazz Manouche became widespread, people referred to it in various ways: Jazz  Gitan, Jazz Tsigane, Musique de Django, Musique Manouche, etc<em>. <\/em>As early as 1959, Michel-Claude Jalard  wrote an article titled &#8220;Django et l&#8217;\u00e9cole tsigane du jazz&#8221; (Django  and the Gypsy school of jazz). In the early 80s, Alain Antonietto wrote  articles using the expression &#8220;Jazz Tzigane&#8221;. In the early 90s, Michel  Lefort organized a festival called <em>Gypsy  Swing.<\/em> Articles in the early 90s from the French magazine <em>French Guitare <\/em>talk about the difference  between Django&#8217;s jazz and the music of the Gypsies, and whether it is right to  refer to it as jazz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In English, various terms were  also used: <em>Gypsy Jazz, Gypsy Swing, Hot  Jazz, Django Style, etc. <\/em>In 1981, British guitarist Ian Cruickshank  produced a documentary titled <em>Gypsy Jazz<\/em>;  this is the earliest instance of the term that I was able to find to date. It  is a direct translation of the French <em>Jazz  Gitan <\/em>that was widely used in French media after Django&#8217;s death. An article  written by Maurice Summerfield in the early 70s talks about Django and the Hot  Club style still being emulated but makes no mention of Gypsy Jazz. The  near-exclusive use of the terms Gypsy Jazz and Jazz Manouche, however, came  roughly after 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early 2000s, a fellow by  the name of Alfred Offenbach jotted down his memories about meeting Django in  1938. He used the term Gypsy band to describe a small ensemble that he saw. Joseph  Reinhardt was a member of this ensemble. I suppose&nbsp; that he is referring to the ethnicity of the  musicians rather than a particular style. Later on, he talks about meeting  Django and writes &#8220;I banged a few chords in the Hot Club style&#8221;. &nbsp;From that same period, Harry Lloyd, a British  guitarist, won a competition in the UK that was judged by Django Reinhardt and  Stephane Grappelli. Mr Lloyd&#8217;s daughter writes: &#8220;As you know Django, as part of his UK tour in 1938, played at the  Gig Club which I believe was held in the Bourne Hall\/Fishmongers Arms, Wood  Green on the 10th July 1938 and presented a Cup to the winner of the Quintet  competition which ardent followers of Django came and competed for. My father\u2019s  Quartette won the competition which was judged by Django and Stephane Grappelly  as nearest to their own group and Django actually presented the cup and also  gave Dad his autograph at that time. The name on the cup is H. Lloyd\u2019s  Quartette.&#8221; Beyond this information, there are no other details of the  competition. The term &#8220;Quintet competition&#8221; is an interesting one,  and not far from the term &#8220;Hot Club Style&#8221; that Mr. Offenbach used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At  any rate, for some Sinti, their style of music is indeed a folkloric Gypsy  Jazz. For them, it is part of their culture, a way of life, they do not  necessarily see it as an artistic form; it is simply part of who they are. For  others, such as Fapy Lafertin or Bireli Lagrene, it is also part of their culture,  but they share the same progressive musical vision that Django had; these Sinti  musicians would go on to pursue music in a more artistic manner and less as a  folklore. Indeed, the line between artistic pursuit and folkloric tendencies &nbsp;becomes very muddy, and quite frankly, I don&#8217;t  care too much to try to define this line, if it is even at all possible. For  this reason, as I mentioned earlier on, it can be quite difficult to define  Gypsy Jazz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since  the early 2000s, for whatever reason, Gypsy Jazz has seen a surge in  popularity. Today, there are Gypsy Jazz bands all over the world, from Taiwan,  to Malaysia, to Russia, to Israel, to Brazil, to Canada, to Australia, etc.! &nbsp;The vast majority of the musicians in these  bands are not Gypsies, and practically none have had close contact with the &nbsp;Sinti and Sinti culture. I wonder then if we  should still refer to it as Gypsy Jazz!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many  of these non-Gypsy players have reached an incredible level, and many have even  developed their unique style that many other non-Gypsy players try to emulate  today. Even some of the more open minded Gypsies strive to learn from this new  style! It is much less folkloric, and the artistic ambitions are often significantly  deeper and more progressive! Should this high level Gadjo (non-Gypsy) way of  playing still be called Gypsy Jazz? More than ever, this new wave of players  have made it even more difficult to define the genre!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore,  many young players are getting into the style from this new generation of  non-Gypsy players; for many of them, they are not aware of the 70 or so years  of history and evolution! I find that a little bit unfortunate, not for the new  music itself, but for the ignorance of history, and the assumptions that many  make. As far as I am concerned, all this variety is absolutely wonderful, and I  hope that more people discover Django Reinhardt, but I also hope that they will  have the humility and open-mindedness to discover the history! There are now  enough sub-genres in Gypsy Jazz to satisfy all tastes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One  wonders, however, if without Django, would Gypsies have ever discovered jazz? I  personally believe so. The Gypsies, whether Sinti or Roma, are very musically  curious. While there is a lot of conservatism in their culture, the musically  inclined tend to thirst for new sounds. In Eastern Europe, for example, Roma  guitarists discovered jazz music from the mainstream bebop era; the influence  of Wes Montgomery and George Benson is very clear. I must admit that my contact  with Roma musicians is not as extensive as my contact with the Sinti.  Nonetheless, based on my personal experiences and those of others that I have  spoken to, the Roma certainly acknowledge and respect Django Reinhardt, but very  few are familiar with the repertoire and playing style; their knowledge of  Django Reinhardt is truly superficial at best.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Would  Gypsy Jazz as we know it exist today without Django? Based on my arguments, I  really do not think so. The vast majority of Gypsy Jazz players today are  playing a heavily codified form of jazz, and the core of these codes come  directly from Django; the rhythms, the chord voicings, the vocabulary, the  repertoire, right down to the instrument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However,  the resurgence of popularity of Django Reinhardt can also be attributed to the  Sinti. In Django&#8217;s time, there were most certainly other non-Gypsy bands  imitating the Hot Club of France, but it was essentially the Sinti that  continued and preserved the tradition, in their own folkloric way, throughout  the generations. Their continuation of this music also preserved the early 20th  century guitar technique that would have, otherwise, most likely be forgotten  by the guitar community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Django  single-handedly redefined Sinti musical culture, and, in turn, the Sinti  preserved Django&#8217;s legacy for all to enjoy today. We must remember that the  Gypsies faced tremendous persecution in those days, and were hunted down by the  Nazi regime. Even today, there is still an unfortunate circle of mistrust  between Gypsies and Gadje. The sociopolitical background of the Sinti played a  great role in the preservation of Gypsy Jazz; out of nowhere, Django appeared  and became a tremendous source of cultural pride. The question, then, is  whether Gypsy Jazz would exist today had Django not been a Gypsy? Well, we  wouldn&#8217;t use the term Gypsy Jazz, that&#8217;s for sure. If we look at Charlie  Christian who, despite a very brief career, eclipsed Django Reinhardt in terms  of popularity in mainstream guitar culture and history (thanks to the American  promotional powers of the time), there are practically no festivals around the  world dedicated to him, no charliebooks.com (unlike Michael Horowitz&#8217;s  Djangobooks.com), one does not refer to archtop electric guitars as  &#8220;Charlie guitars&#8221; or &#8220;Black guitars&#8221; (*gasp*) as one refers  to Selmer style guitars as &#8220;Django guitars&#8221; or &#8220;Gypsy  guitars&#8221;! I strongly feel that it is, indeed, thanks to the unique  combination of Django&#8217;s musical genius, and his Gypsy heritage, that we have,  today, a genre called Gypsy Jazz.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/joseph.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"349\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/joseph.jpg\" alt=\"joseph\" class=\"wp-image-65598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/joseph.jpg 349w, https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/joseph-262x300.jpg 262w, https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/joseph-175x200.jpg 175w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I  would like to end this article with two quotes (both translated from French).  This first one is from a filmed interview with Joseph Reinhardt (brother of  Django Reinhardt) and Babik Reinhardt (son of Django Reinhardt):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Interviewer: What genre of music do you  play? Traditional Gypsy music or jazz?<\/em><br>\n<em>Joseph: Jazz&#8230;<\/em><br>\n<em>Interviewer: You mean you don&#8217;t play&#8230;<\/em><br>\n<em>Joseph: [interrupts the interviewer] No&#8230; We  play the music of Django.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In  that last statement, I am sure that Joseph meant that they played jazz in the  style of Django rather than literally the music of Django.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This  final quote is from Matelo Ferret, who often played with Django:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Django did not play in the Gypsy style. He  played a style that was his alone, that began with him. Certainly, he played  the guitar, a traditional instrument, but his school of guitar playing was his  own creation&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I  recently had the opportunity to have a conversation about Django with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/Item\/boulou_pour_django\">Elios  Ferre<\/a>, the son of Matelo. He confirmed to me what his dad said: that Django  was a jazz musician and that the idea that he played Gypsy Jazz was absurd. He  went on to mention that Django was very musically aware, and that he was not  shy about telling his rhythm players to be more dynamically sensitive when  accompanying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As  you can see, the history of Django Reinhardt and Gypsy Jazz is a bit more  complicated than what popular culture would lead you to believe. However, to be  fair, although I do not believe that Django Reinhardt played Gypsy Jazz, I  usually do tell people that I play Gypsy Jazz in the style of&nbsp; Django Reinhardt; it&#8217;s truly too much of a  hassle for me to go on an extensive rant about this topic. A little bit of  ambiguity can be nice sometimes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;-<br>\nThanks  to Roger Baxter, Ted Gottsegen, Fran\u00e7ois Rousseau, Robin Nolan, Samy Daussat,  Philippe Doudou Cuillerier, Jon Larsen, Christophe Lartilleux, Michel Mercier,  Emmanuel Kassimo for their insight and generosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In  this article, I mentioned the subtleties of rhythm playing, as well as the  early 20th century guitar technique. These are two very big topics but if you  are interested in knowing about them, you might be interested in some of the  lessons that I have produced, that talk about these in much greater detail:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gypsy  Jazz Rhythm Vol.1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/gypsy-jazz-rhythm-with-denis-chang-vol-1\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gypsy  Jazz Rhythm Vol.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/gypsy-jazz-rhythm-with-denis-chang-vol-2\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gypsy  Jazz Guitar Technique<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/gypsy-jazz-guitar-technique\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If  you are interested in the Gypsy aspect of Gypsy Jazz, check out the album \/  lesson \/ backing tracks that I produced for Tcha Limberger:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/romane-gilia-ft-tcha-limberger-vol-1\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/romane-gilia-ft-tcha-limberger-vol-2\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>http:\/\/www.dc-musicschool.com\/catalogue\/video-lessons\/gypsy-songs-ft-tcha-limberger\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"by Denis Chang Since the early 2000s,&nbsp; there has been a global surge in the popularity of Gypsy Jazz and the music of Django Reinhardt. Many articles have been written about it, and many myths have been perpetuated as to the origins of Gypsy Jazz. As of this date of January 23rd (Django&#8217;s birthday!), a [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":65596,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guest-articles"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65556","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65556"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65556\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":83369,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65556\/revisions\/83369"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65596"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65556"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65556"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.djangobooks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65556"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}